渤海湾苹果产区有害生物综合治理(IPM) 生态效益的初步评价
2010-03-16 05:33:51 作者：唐春生 来源：原创 浏览次数：0 网友评论 0 条
中文题名 渤海湾苹果产区有害生物综合治理(IPM) 生态效益的初步评价
作者姓名 唐春生
中图分类号 0388007
答辩日期 1988-05-15
资源类型 学位论文
学位授予年度 1988
纸本论文馆藏地 中国农业大学图书馆(西)
纸本论文索取号 SY/0388007
指导教师 黄可训 北京农业大学 张慈仁
学科专业 植物保护 农业昆虫与害虫防治
中文摘要
本实验于1987年在中国农科院兴城果树所设立的综防示范点——辽宁省金州区三十里堡苹果园进行。从群落生态和环境质量监测的角度对果园的生态效益予以初步评价。实验设不同防治区域（综防区、常规防治区），采用定点定时的系统调查方法，对不同管理决策下苹果园害虫——天敌群落的特征和变化，以及化学农药使用对果园生态环境质量的影响进行研究，结果如下：1、 综防区寄生性天敌的丰富度是常规防治区的4倍，捕食性天敌比常规防治区高出1/4，害虫和蜘蛛类的物种数综防区比常规防治区丰富。将定期调查的数据按（1963）提出的对数级数处理后建立种—多度分布图。此图反映了容纳大量的稀少种（34-56、5%）和少量的富集种（3、0-13、0%）。测验表明了：常规防治区成、幼年树天敌亚群落种——多度的分布能拟合对数级数模型和截尾负二项式模型。其它群落由于极高的稀少种比例而不能很好地拟合。在时间序列变化中，经测验表明：综防区和常规防治区的害虫物种数差异不显著；而天敌丰富度综防区比常规区高。2、 利用双轴系统的二维排序表明：害虫——天敌群落的组成变化受它们所处环境和时间的影响。苹果品种对群落组成的影响并不重要。害虫——天敌群落的季节性演替原因是由于群落组成的异质性变化。不同的管理决策是造成群落异质性的直接原因。综防区群落物个体数随季节变化而升高，而常规防治区却逐渐下降。3、 应用主成分分析方法研究苹果树不同生长阶段害虫——天敌群落中优势种的组成和季节性变化。结果表明，综防区的防治决策有利于保护天敌优势种。常规防治区凭经验用药忽视了优势种间的食物网联系，导致杀伤天敌，害虫抗药性增加，再度猖獗。4、 在时间序列中，群落多样性在第一阶段和第三阶段，综防区要大于常规防治区；在第二阶段，多样性的波动幅度，常规区比综防区大。经测验表明：综防区多样性高于常防治区。综防区群落内部结构稳定性，抗衡环境变化与自然平衡的调节能力较常规防治区强。杀虫剂对多样性的影响是决定苹果园害虫——天敌群落结构变化的重要因素。合理使用农药，能使天敌多样性指数增加，害虫多样性指数降低。群落均匀性变化与多样性变化趋势基本一致。影响综防区幼年树群落多样性的主要成分是种类丰富度（占多样性变异的94.2%）;而在其余群落中影响多样性的主要成分是均匀度（占多样性变异65.1%～89.9%）。5、 根据群落中物种数和每一物种的个体数，应用系统聚类分析方法把苹果园害虫——天敌群落分成两类：综防区群落和常规防治区群落。6、 应用气相色谱仪测定苹果样品中对硫磷残留量的结果表明，常规防治区和综防区果实中对硫磷残留量都不超过国家规定的标准。常规防治区金冠品种果实中1605的残留量比综防区高0.086ppm.
英文摘要
These experiments were conducted in the apple orchards, that were located in Sanshilipu, Jinzhou Region ,Liaoning province in 1987.A preliminary evaluation of the ecological benefit on IPM was studied in the aspects of the community ecology and the qualitative identification of the environment .These experimental orchards were divided into two areas :Integrated pest management area(IPMA),and the general control area(GCA).The characteristie and changes of pest-enemy communities and the impact of insecticides to ecological environment at different management levels in both IPMA and GCA orchards were studied ,and data were collected at regular intervals .The results are as follows:1.The abundance of the parasitic natural enemies in the IPMA was almost 4 times as much as that in the GCA. and the predatory natural enemies in the IPMA was 1/4 times more than that in GCA .The number of species of the insect pests and spider mites in the IPMA were more than those in GCA.The figures of species-abundance distribution were established according to a logarithmic series advanced by Birch (1963),based on from periodic orchard observations .The figures included a number of rare species(34.0-65.5%) and a few of dominant species (3.0-13.0%).Test showed that species-abundance distribution of the sub-communities of the natural enemies in the GCA both the old and the young trees were fitted the log-series model and the truncated negative binomial distribution model ,and the other communities were not fitted because of the high proportions of the rare species.In time sequence .T test showed that the numbers of insect pests were no obvious difference between the IPMA and GCA, but the number of natural enemies in IPMA were significantly more than that in GCA.2. By using a two-dimentional ordination technique in the biaxial co-ordination system , it was shown that the changes of community composition were affected by the temporal and spatial condition which they occupied .The seasonal succession of pest-enemy communities was eaused by the heterogeneous changes of the community-compositions .The community heterogeneity depended fundamentally on the different magagement strategies between the IPMA and GCA .The individual numbers of insect pests in the IPMA pest-enemy communities increased with seasonal changes ,but decreased gradually in GCA.3. The principal component analysis method was used to study the composition and the seasonal changes of the dominant species of the pest-enemy communities at the different growing stages of apple trees .IPM strategies were advantageous to the protection of major natural enemies .the traditional control system that ignored the trophic relationship between the pest and their natural enemies created the serious problems of pest resistance and pest resurgence .4. In time series ,the diversity of the IPMA community was higher than that of GCA community during the first and the third periods .At the second period ,the range of fluctuation of the community diversity in GCA was wider than that in IPMA. T test showed that pestenemy communities diversity expressed as following order :IPMA was more stable than that in GCA .The capability of the communities to resist environmental disaster and regulate its self-balance in IPMA was stronger than that in GCA.The application of insecticides was an important factor affecting the diversity structure of the pest-enemy communities in the apple orchards .The diversity indices increased when insecticide was used rationally. The diversity indices decreased when insecticide was used excessively.The main component affecting diversity was species richness(accounted for 84.2% of the variation in diversity ) in the IPMA with young trees; and species evenness(accounted for 65.1-89.9% of the variation in diversity )was the important factor affecting diversity in the other communities.5. According to the total number of species and the abundance of each species in a community ,the Q-type cluster analysis method was used here to classify orchard pest-enemy communities into two categories: IPMA community and GCA community.6. Gas chromatographic detector—6A was used to detect the parathion residues in apple extraction .The result showed that the parathion residues both in IPMA and in GCA fruit did not surpass the criterion which state stipulated .The amount of parathion residues in GCA apple(Jin Guang) sample extraction was 0.086 ppm higher than that of the same variety in IPMA.
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